Protection of shipping includes which of the following?

Protection of shipping encompasses various strategies to ensure the safe transit of vessels across maritime routes. The option indicating both coastal sea control and harbor defense is correct because it highlights two critical aspects of maritime security.

Coastal sea control involves safeguarding areas of the sea through which commercial ships travel, ensuring that routes are free from threats such as piracy or military aggression. This is vital in maintaining the flow of trade and the safety of maritime operations.

Harbor defense complements this by focusing on securing ports and harbors where ships dock and load or unload cargo. Effective harbor defense prevents sabotage, attacks, or other disruptions that could halt shipping operations and endanger vessels in port.

Together, these two elements form a comprehensive approach to shipping protection, as they address both the routes ships take and the locations where they physically interface with land, creating a secure environment necessary for maritime commerce.